Select notes:
Translation:

07. Moliant i Sain Nicolas

edited by Dafydd Johnston

In praise of Saint Nicolas by Lewys Glyn Cothi. Date c.1447 × c.1489.

Wrth esgob1 According to tradition Nicholas was bishop of Myra in Lycia (south-west Turkey today). mae fy ngobaith,
Wrth Dduw mawr a’i wyrthiau maith.
Sain Niclas hael sy’n cael swydd,
Sin aur y sy’n ei arwydd.2 One of Nicholas’s symbols was three bags of gold which were the dowry he provided for three girls to save them from becoming prostitutes (ll. 11–20).
5 Mwnt Nicoláus, mae’n dŷ clyd,
A bu yno ’n ei benyd,3 According to Orthodox Church tradition, Nicholas went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and lived with monks in a cave on a mountain overlooking Bethlehem, on the site of an Orthodox church dedicated to Nicholas in present-day Beit Jala.
A phregethu y bu i’r1 bu i’r Llst 7 bu r, BL 14871 bu i’r. The preverbal particle y is omitted in BL 14871 in order to maintain seven syllables, but it can be assumed that the preposition merges with the preceding vowel, as the reading of Llst 7 suggests. byd
Ffydd lân, ffydd ddwywol ennyd,
I’r mynydd wŷr a’u maenawr
10Ar fodd Ferwna 4 Ferwna This is perhaps Verona in northern Italy, but it is not clear why that town is referred to here. fawr.2 The line as it stands in Llst 7 is a syllable short and has faulty cynghanedd. It was emended in BL 14871 by adding oer before fawr, and that reading was accepted in GLGC, but in fact the sense is unsatisfactory since oer adds an unexpected negative element. The line could be corrected by adding an n in the first part, e.g. Ar un fodd, or Un fodd â, but there would be no adequate basis for that, and the line has therefore been left as it is in Llst 7.


Cyntaf gwyrth o’r cnawd dof gŵyl
A wnaeth yno’n waith annwyl:3 The end of the line is illegible in Llst 7 after nwa, and waith annwyl is taken from BL 14871.
Tair merched ag a gredynt5 This is one of Nicholas’s most famous miracles. A man sought to force his three daughters to become prostitutes, because he was too poor to be able to afford the dowry necessary for them to marry, and Nicholas secretly gave him three bags of gold to enable the girls to marry. See Jones 1978: 53–8.
I wraig a oedd o ŵr gynt;
15Yno yr4 The beginning of the line is illegible in Llst 7, and yno yr is taken from BL 14871. oedd yn ŵr iach,
yntwy’n dlawd, yntau’n dlodach,
A’r5 The first letter of the line is illegible in Llst 7, and A is taken from BL 14871. tad a erchis i’r tair
Draw’n ieuainc droi’n anniwair,
A gras Sain Niclas a’i nawdd
20Rhag gwŷd yn wyry a’u cadwawdd.
Gwnaeth Niclas o’r cwmpas call
Werth aur o wyrth i arall:
Yr oedd gwraig a roddai gri,
A byw oedd un mab iddi;6 This miracle is not noted in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life, but it was a well-known story about a mother who had gone to the installation of Nicholas as bishop, leaving her son in a cauldron of water on the fire, see Jones 1978: 231.
25Honno a roes ei hunan
Bair a dŵr a’i mab ar dân,
A’r wraig ar ôl Nicolas
Eglur aeth i gael ei ras;
Y pair lle’r aeth ei mab hi
30Ef a yrrwyd i ferwi,
a’r mab bychan yn lanach
Efo a aeth yn fyw iach.
Tri ’sgolhaig fal tair osgl hydd,7 This story was also very popular in the Middle Ages, although it is not mentioned in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life. A butcher has killed three students (or children in other versions) intending to make meat from their bodies, and they were brought back to life by Nicholas; see Jones 1978: 247–51.
Ac un gwag gwan o gigydd
35A’u lladdodd ag arf lliwddur
A’u cuddiaw’n borc iddo’n bur;
Gwnaeth Niclas wedy’r sias hon
Yn fyw eleirch nefolion,
A gras a roed drwy’r groes rydd
40I’r wraig hagr ac i’r cigydd.6 cigydd The final syllable is illegible in Llst 7, but the reading of BL 14871 is confirmed by the rhyme.
Nicolas benáig gwyliau
Wrtho a wnaeth wyrth yn iau:
Pryd nawn yr ymprydiai’n ôl
Yn ei grud yn gariadol;
45Ac ef yn fab cysefin,
Bron ei fam bêr yn ei fin
Nid âi Wener ond unwaith,8 It is claimed in the Legenda Aurea that Nicholas used to fast as a baby by taking the breast once only on Wednesdays and Fridays; according to the Welsh Life he did the same on Saturdays as well. See Jones 1978: 50–1.
Nid âi Fercher gwe . . .7 The line was left incomplete in both Llst 7 and BL 14871.


Mi a alwaf â moliant
50 Nicolas Sain Niclas sant.
Cyda Duw un ceidwad oedd
Ar dir mawr a dŵr moroedd.8 moroedd Both Llst 7 and BL 14871 read moredd, but emendation is required for the rhyme. 9 There are several stories about Nicholas saving the lives of people in trouble at sea, and he was the patron saint of sailors, see Jones 1978: 24–8.
Eiriol ar Saint Nicolas
Oedd raid i’r enaid am ras.
55Gras Sain Nicolas os caf
Difaddau Ddyddbrawd fyddaf.
Ni ad Sain Niclas yn ôl
Enaid ufydd un dwyfol.
Sain Niclas wedy’r fas fau
60A fo’n dwyn f’enaid innau.

My hope is in a bishop,1 According to tradition Nicholas was bishop of Myra in Lycia (south-west Turkey today).
and in almighty God and his never-ending miracles.
Generous Saint Nicholas holds an office,
there is a gold symbol in his sign.2 One of Nicholas’s symbols was three bags of gold which were the dowry he provided for three girls to save them from becoming prostitutes (ll. 11–20).
5Mount Nicholas is a snug dwelling place,
and there he performed his penance,3 According to Orthodox Church tradition, Nicholas went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and lived with monks in a cave on a mountain overlooking Bethlehem, on the site of an Orthodox church dedicated to Nicholas in present-day Beit Jala.
and he preached to all the world for a time
pure and godly faith,
to the men of the mountain and their district
10in the manner of great Verona.4 Ferwna This is perhaps Verona in northern Italy, but it is not clear why that town is referred to here.


The first miracle which he performed there
as a kind deed of the tender humble flesh:
there were three Christian daughters5 This is one of Nicholas’s most famous miracles. A man sought to force his three daughters to become prostitutes, because he was too poor to be able to afford the dowry necessary for them to marry, and Nicholas secretly gave him three bags of gold to enable the girls to marry. See Jones 1978: 53–8.
of a woman by her husband long ago;
15there he was a healthy man,
they were poor and he was even poorer,
and the father asked the three young girls
to become prostitutes there,
and the grace of Saint Nicholas and his protection
20kept them from sin as virgins.
From his wise capacity Nicholas performed
a miracle for another person which was worth gold:
there was a woman lamenting,
and she had one living son;6 This miracle is not noted in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life, but it was a well-known story about a mother who had gone to the installation of Nicholas as bishop, leaving her son in a cauldron of water on the fire, see Jones 1978: 231.
25she herself put her son
in a cauldron of water on the fire,
and the woman went to bright Nicholas
to seek his grace;
the cauldron into which her son was put
30was brought to the boil,
and the little boy
came out alive and purified.
There were three schoolboys like three antlers of a stag,7 This story was also very popular in the Middle Ages, although it is not mentioned in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life. A butcher has killed three students (or children in other versions) intending to make meat from their bodies, and they were brought back to life by Nicholas; see Jones 1978: 247–51.
and one bad weak butcher
35killed them with a steel-coloured blade
and hid them away as pure pork for himself;
Nicholas after this trouble
brought the heavenly swans back to life,
and grace was given through the free cross
40to the ugly woman and to the butcher.
Nicholas, pre-eminent of festivals,
performed another miracle when he was younger:
in the afternoon he would fast
sweetly in his cradle;
45when he was a little baby
his dear mother’s breast would go into his mouth
only once on a Friday,8 It is claimed in the Legenda Aurea that Nicholas used to fast as a baby by taking the breast once only on Wednesdays and Fridays; according to the Welsh Life he did the same on Saturdays as well. See Jones 1978: 50–1.
nor on Wednesday . . .


In praise I name Nicholas
50saintly Saint Nicholas.
Together with God he was one guardian
on dry land and on the seas.9 There are several stories about Nicholas saving the lives of people in trouble at sea, and he was the patron saint of sailors, see Jones 1978: 24–8.
It was needful for the soul
to beseech Saint Nicholas for grace.
55If I receive the grace of Saint Nicholas
I will be amongst the saved on Judgement Day.
Saint Nicholas will not leave behind
the humble soul of any godly person.
After my death
60may Saint Nicholas take my soul too.

1 According to tradition Nicholas was bishop of Myra in Lycia (south-west Turkey today).

2 One of Nicholas’s symbols was three bags of gold which were the dowry he provided for three girls to save them from becoming prostitutes (ll. 11–20).

3 According to Orthodox Church tradition, Nicholas went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and lived with monks in a cave on a mountain overlooking Bethlehem, on the site of an Orthodox church dedicated to Nicholas in present-day Beit Jala.

4 Ferwna This is perhaps Verona in northern Italy, but it is not clear why that town is referred to here.

5 This is one of Nicholas’s most famous miracles. A man sought to force his three daughters to become prostitutes, because he was too poor to be able to afford the dowry necessary for them to marry, and Nicholas secretly gave him three bags of gold to enable the girls to marry. See Jones 1978: 53–8.

6 This miracle is not noted in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life, but it was a well-known story about a mother who had gone to the installation of Nicholas as bishop, leaving her son in a cauldron of water on the fire, see Jones 1978: 231.

7 This story was also very popular in the Middle Ages, although it is not mentioned in the Legenda Aurea nor in the Welsh Life. A butcher has killed three students (or children in other versions) intending to make meat from their bodies, and they were brought back to life by Nicholas; see Jones 1978: 247–51.

8 It is claimed in the Legenda Aurea that Nicholas used to fast as a baby by taking the breast once only on Wednesdays and Fridays; according to the Welsh Life he did the same on Saturdays as well. See Jones 1978: 50–1.

9 There are several stories about Nicholas saving the lives of people in trouble at sea, and he was the patron saint of sailors, see Jones 1978: 24–8.

1 bu i’r Llst 7 bu r, BL 14871 bu i’r. The preverbal particle y is omitted in BL 14871 in order to maintain seven syllables, but it can be assumed that the preposition merges with the preceding vowel, as the reading of Llst 7 suggests.

2 The line as it stands in Llst 7 is a syllable short and has faulty cynghanedd. It was emended in BL 14871 by adding oer before fawr, and that reading was accepted in GLGC, but in fact the sense is unsatisfactory since oer adds an unexpected negative element. The line could be corrected by adding an n in the first part, e.g. Ar un fodd, or Un fodd â, but there would be no adequate basis for that, and the line has therefore been left as it is in Llst 7.

3 The end of the line is illegible in Llst 7 after nwa, and waith annwyl is taken from BL 14871.

4 The beginning of the line is illegible in Llst 7, and yno yr is taken from BL 14871.

5 The first letter of the line is illegible in Llst 7, and A is taken from BL 14871.

6 cigydd The final syllable is illegible in Llst 7, but the reading of BL 14871 is confirmed by the rhyme.

7 The line was left incomplete in both Llst 7 and BL 14871.

8 moroedd Both Llst 7 and BL 14871 read moredd, but emendation is required for the rhyme.