Mawr yw dy wrthiau’r awron,
⁠Mwrog Sant,^{1 ⁠Mwrog Sant⁠ On him, see LBS iii, 505–6.} mae⁠^{1 ⁠mae⁠ Cf. Gwyn 3 mawr, probably an emendment under the influence of the same word in the preceding l.} rhywiog sôn,
Bugail y côr baglog, gwyn,
Benrhaith, ail Beuno⁠^{2 ⁠Beuno⁠ On the saint, see LBS i, 208–21, Sims-Williams 2018:1–88.} Rhuthun.^{3 ⁠Rhuthun⁠ The church of Llanfwrog is located on a hill not far west of Ruthin.}⁠
5⁠Duw a roes (pand da yr aeth?)^{4 ⁠Duw a roes (pand da yr aeth?)⁠ The second half of the line has -d d-, which would usually become a voiceless t (cf. l. 3, where –g g- become a voiceless c), but the corresponding consonant in the first half of the line is d.}⁠
Iwch ragor, wych rywogaeth:
Gwrthiau – mawr Ei gywerthydd^{5 ⁠mawr Ei gywerthydd⁠ Gruffudd Nannau addresses Mwrog directly throughout the poem, therefore he is probably addressing God (who is named in l. 5) in the third person here rather than the saint.} –⁠^{2 ⁠Gwrthiau – mawr Ei gywerthydd⁠ The edition tentatively follows Gwyn 3, whose reading seems to convey the meaning slightly better than the likely reading of X2 Y gwrthiau – mawr Ei g’werthydd.}⁠
Yn dy feddiant, sant, y sydd.
Pob claf a phob dyn afiach
10Heb fost a wnaethost yn iach;⁠^{3 Ll. 9–10. This couplet is in Gwyn 3 only. See further, ll. 13–14n.}⁠
Y deilliaid ger bron⁠^{4 ⁠ger bron⁠ ‘Before’. The edition tentatively follows Gwyn 3, contrast X2 o fewn ‘within’. If the reading in the source was o fewn, the oral tradition from which the text of Gwyn 3 probably stems may have caused it to change due to the fact that o fewn dy also appears in the next l., as it was unusual for the same combination of words to appear twice within the same couplet. If so, there may have been crevices in the saint’s altar at Llanfwrog in which one could place a hand or arm while asking for the saint’s blessing, or even spaces where one could kneel on hands and knees. However, it seems more likely that the reading in the source was ger bron, and that this l. was changed in X2 under the influenc of the next l.} d’allor
Yn dy gylch o fewn dy gôr,
Gwnaethost iddyn’ yn unawr^{6 ⁠yn unawr⁠ Not literally ‘in one hour’, but ‘in an instant’, cf. GGLl 15.28 I lawr ar unawr yna ‘Down in a second there’; MWPSS 24.34 Wrth unawr yr aeth yno ‘In one instant he went there’; GG.net 17.31 yn yr unawr ‘in one go’.}⁠
Gweled mil goleuad mawr;⁠^{5 Ll. 13–14. This couplet, as well as ll. 9–10, is in Gwyn 3 only. The couplet doubtless forms a pair with ll. 11–12 in terms of meaning, similar to the pairing of ll. 15–16 and 17–18. It is likely that the couplet was lost from X2 as the scribe jumped from Gwyddost at the beginning of l. 13 to the same word at the beginning of l. 15. Lines 9–10 are likewise accepted as genuine, but it is less obvious how they were lost from X2, except as they are part of a common list of miracles and therefore would have been easier to forget.}⁠
15Gwnaethost dithau, gwn, wythwaith,^{7 ⁠wythwaith⁠ The number of times may be significant but, without other references to the number eight in connection with the saints, ‘many times’ is probably the meaning here, see Henken 1991 180–1.}⁠^{6 ⁠Gwnaethost dithau, gwn, wythwaith⁠ There seems to be signs of oral transmission in Gwyn 3 A gwneuthur mi a’i gwnn ŵyth-waith, where the sentence flows into the line from the previous couplet, cf. the manuscript’s reading for ll. 26–7. The text has a small connecting line under the words mi a’i (possibly in the hand of the scribe, Jaspar Gryffyth), in all likelihood in order to signify that these words contracted into a diphthong, but this seems highly unlikely. Furthermore, the loss of the previous couplet from X2 is best explained by the fact that the word Gwnaethost was found originally at the beginning of this l., see ll. 13‒14n.}⁠
I’r rhai⁠^{7 ⁠I’r rhai⁠ Both C 3.37 and Gwyn 3 do not have the definite article. Note the use of the definite article in l. 11 Y deilliaid.} ni cherddai^{8 ⁠ni cherddai⁠ On the mutation, see TC 358.} ychwaith
Redeg ar dy waredydd^{9 ⁠ar dy waredydd⁠ Namely the slopes of the hill on which the church of Llanfwrog is located near Ruthin, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. gwaered ‘downward slope, descent’; cf. l. 23n.}⁠
Heb un ffon, Mwrog ben ffydd.

Dof i’th orsedd^{10 ⁠gorsedd⁠ Possibly ‘abode’, but cf. the combination gorseddfa sant ‘saint’s shrine’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. gorsedd⁠1 1 (c), gorseddfa.} fucheddol,
20Dyn wyf â’i neges da⁠^{8 ⁠da⁠ This is not in Gwyn 3, where the cynghanedd is incomplete.} ’n ôl;^{11 ⁠Dyn wyf â’i neges da ’n ôl⁠ Possibly ‘a man whose good mission is uncompleted’, but ‘a man whose good mission follows him’ is more likely, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. ôl⁠1 and the combination yn ôl (i), (xi).}⁠
Clyw o Wynedd⁠^{12 ⁠Gwynedd⁠ The Vale of Clwyd (see l. 4n ⁠Rhuthun⁠) was part of Gwynedd Is Conwy (see WATU 85), but as Gruffudd Nannau was presumably from Nannau near Dolgellau, he may be referring here to his journey to Llanfwrog from Gwynedd Uwch Conwy.} fy ngweddi,
Clwyfus ofalus wyf i.
Gŵyr fy nghalon ar fron fry^{13 ⁠fy nghalon ar fron fry⁠ It seems that the poet is referring to the hill on which the church of Llanfwrog is located near Ruthin, ‘on a hill-side on high’, cf. l. 17n. Another possibility is that [b]ron fry refers to the poet’s breast, that is ‘my heart and the breast above [it]’.}⁠
Gwayw hiraeth, gwae a’i hery!^{14 ⁠Gwayw hiraeth, gwae a’i hery⁠ Cf. GGGr 7.8 Gwe hirerw (gwae a’i hery!); GHS 24.27 Â gwayw hir gwae a’i hery. On ery, the third singular present form of the verb aros, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. arhosaf (d) ‘to endure (patiently), suffer’.}⁠
25Nid hiraeth, annwyd hoywryw,
Ac nid serch ar ferch yn fyw –
Hiraeth meibion maeth y medd⁠^{9 ⁠Hiraeth meibion maeth y medd⁠ C 3.37 has a six-syllable line without the definite article, and the definite article is also absent in Gwyn 3, which has Ond at the beginning of the l. It is possible that there was no definite article in the source and in X2, and that the problem with the length of the l. was solved by adding Ond in the oral tradition of Gwyn 3 and by adding the definite article in X3. The combination maeth and medd appears both with and without the definite article in the work of other poets, see GIRh 3.1 ⁠Hywel a wnaeth, mab maeth medd; GDEp 7.45 Rhoi a wnaeth, mab maeth y medd. The edition follows X3, as Gwyn 3 has another similar example of emending by carrying the meaning from one couplet to the next, see l. 15n.}⁠
A’m gyr i farw o’m gorwedd.
Am Ithel mi a euthum,
30Meddai⁠^{10 ⁠Meddai⁠ Contrast a colloquial form in Gwyn 3 medde.} bawb, o’r modd y bûm.
Gwn i bryderi dyrys,
Gŵyr ’y mron gwewyr^{15 ⁠gŵyr ’y mron gwewyr⁠ The mutation is prevented by the break in the middle of the line, see TC 196.} am Rys.^{16 Ll. 29–32 ⁠Ithel … / … / … / … Rhys⁠ On the two brothers, see the introductory notes. They are named again, in the same order, in ll. 45–8, which possibly suggests that Ithel was the eldest, cf. Guto’r Glyn’s poems of praise for the sons of Llywelyn ap Hwlcyn of Anglesey and the sons of Edward ap Dafydd of Bryncunallt, where both sets of brothers are probably named in order of their age, GG.net poems 63 and 103.}⁠
Meibion Ifan,⁠^{11 ⁠Ifan⁠ This form is found in every source, but the form ⁠Ieuan⁠ is used in the title of the edition in line with Guto’r Glyn’s poem to request reconciliation from Ieuan Fychan, see GG.net poem 106. In discussing the use of both ⁠Ifan⁠ and ⁠Ieuan⁠ in Guto’s work, it is noted that poets often used two forms of the same name, sometimes within the same poem, see ibid. 106.11n (textual). The cynghanedd in most of the examples in Guto’s poem is of no use in determining the correct form, but his use of ⁠Ieuan⁠ in one line of cynghanedd lusg wyrdro strongly suggests that he used that form in this line and, possibly, throughout the poem, see ibid. 106.37 Yr oedd gampau ar Ieuan⁠. The cynghanedd does not aid the discussion in this line by Gruffudd Nannau nor in two poems by Maredudd ap Rhys in which he addresses Ieuan Fychan (contrary to what is stated in GMRh 6), see ibid. 10.18 Wneuthur o Ifan, lân lais, 21 A phe Ifan Fychan fai, 62 Yn hoyw am Ifan huawdl, 12.9 ⁠Ifan Fychan lân, haelioni – Ifor⁠ (the only exception is 10.55 Naw’ Duw rhag myned Ieuan⁠, but ⁠Ifan⁠ with a vocalic -f- is possible here too).} mae ’m obaith,
⁠Fychan,^{17 Ll. 33–4 ⁠Ifan … / Fychan⁠ Ieuan Fychan ab Ieuan of Pengwern (fl. c.1432–d. 1476/7), see GG.net 106. On this form of his name, see l. 33n (textual).} y deuan’ o’r daith.
35O chuddiwyd gwŷr, awch addwyn,
Cant o rianedd a’u cwyn.⁠^{12 Ll. 35‒6. In Gwyn 3, this couplet, in which the poet refers to the longing of cant o rianedd ‘a hundred maidens’ for the two brothers, appears after l. 28, where the poet describes the damaging effect of the brothers’ imprisonment on his own health. The edition follows the line order of X2, where l. 28 is followed by three couplets in which the poet continues to describe the effect of the imprisonment in the first person, after which he then refers the maidens’ response. This change in line order in Gwyn 3 probably reflects an oral tradition.}⁠
Och allel⁠^{13 ⁠Och allel⁠ The reading in Gwyn 3 Er gallel leaves the cynghanedd incomplete.} o ddichellwyr
Roi llen gêl ar ieirll ein⁠^{14 ⁠ein⁠ Cf. Gwyn 3 iw, where there is an unanswered n in the first half of the line. The edition follows X2, in line with the belief that the text of Gwyn 3 stems from an oral tradition which occasionally emended the text.} gwŷr!
⁠Mwrog, gwna ynn ymwared
40Am ddau o ben creiriau Cred!
Gwyddost lle mae dau flaenor⁠^{15 ⁠Gwyddost lle mae dau flaenor⁠ It is unclear what was in X3: C 4.101 lle mae/n ddav flaenaw⁠or; LlGC 3049D lle mae n dav flaenor dav⁠. The first is questionable in terms of meaning, and it is possible that the second is an attempt to correct it. But it is also possible that Huw Machno incorrectly divided maenddav, and that what was meant in his source was the much more convincing reading maen’ (maent ‘they are’). However, the fact that the edition’s reading is found in both C 3.37 and Gwyn 3 strongly suggests that this was the reading in X2 and in the source, and that the reading in X3 was an attempted emending of the weak cynghanedd lusg wyrdro by rhyming -aen in full. A full rhyme is certainly the norm in this type of cynghanedd (cf. GG.net 23.39 O rhoed Siarlmaen yn flaenawr), but two examples of incomplete rhyming both in a line of cynghanedd lusg wyrdro and in a line of regular cynghanedd lusg are noted in CD 177 footnote 1. The first is found in the earliest copy of a poem by Ieuan Brydydd Hir in manuscript Pen 53 (c.1484), rac cleddeu y … deheubarth⁠ (RWM i 408; a later reading is followed in the edition of GIBH 4.45 Rhag cleddau’r Deau diwarth), and the second is found in the earliest copy of a poem attributed to Dafydd ap Gwilym in C 4.330 (c.1574), Euraid ffriw, at Fair wiwgoeth (DGA 36.39; DGG2⁠ XXVII.39). Unlike Gruffudd Nannau’s line, the end rhymes in both these lines are compound words and, therefore, a full rhyme involving the first consonant of the second element is unnecessary. Nonetheless, the edition tentatively follows the likely reading of the source.}⁠
Mewn castell ym machell môr.^{18 ⁠castell ym machell môr⁠ For a discussion on the castle’s location, see the introductory notes and l. 48n ⁠Gwlad yr Haf⁠. As for ym machell môr, the edition follows GPC Ar Lein s.v. bachell (b) ‘bay, creek, inlet’, but (a) ‘nook, angle’ and (c) ‘snare … clutch, grapple’ are also possible.}⁠
Cyfod⁠^{16 ⁠Cyfod⁠ Cf. Huw Machno’s emendment in C 4.101 kvr ath, probably under the influence of the next line.} dy fagl yn draglew,
Cur frig⁠^{17 ⁠frig⁠ This is not in Gwyn 3, which leaves the cynghanedd incomplete.} y tŵr cerrig tew;
45Dwg er fy⁠^{18 ⁠Dwg er fy⁠ Cf. Gwyn 3 Tyn er dy. The reading in C 4.101 dvg is probably an error.} mendith^{19 ⁠dwg er fy mendith⁠ Gruffudd Nannau urges Mwrog to release the brothers in exchange for the praise which he gives to the saint in this poem, but [b]endith ‘blessing’ could also refer to Mwrog’s act in releasing them.} Ithael⁠
O’r⁠^{19 ⁠O’r⁠ Contrast X3 oi.} tyrau hwnt, ŵr tra hael;
Unwaith, gwna help i’n ynys^{20 ⁠ynys⁠ Probably ‘land, vicinity’, cf. Gruffudd Nannau’s mention of Gwynedd in ll. 21n, 53n. But ‘island’ is also possible, namely either Anglesey (l. 54n) or Britain, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. ynys.}⁠^{20 ⁠Unwaith, gwna help i’n ynys⁠ This l. in Gwyn 3 par vn-waith help i’r Ynys shows signs of having been reworked by an expert, cf. l. 50n.}⁠
O Wlad yr Haf⁠^{21 ⁠Gwlad yr Haf⁠ The narrative in ll. 41–8 seems to suggest that the castell ym machell môr ‘castle in an inlet of sea’ (l. 42n) was located somewhere in Somerset but, as discussed in the introductory notes, there are no suitable locations in that area. It is noted in GILlF 4.16n that there are very few references to Somerset in the poetry ‘except in a prophetic context’, with reference to two examples in the work of Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn. Although prophetic imagery is often obscure, it is in fact highly likely that both examples refer to the lineage of Henry Tudor, namely that his mother, Margaret Beaufort, was the daughter of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, see GDLl 16.15–16 Taer yw draig, tarw a dragwn, / Gwlad yr Haf gwylied ar hwn ‘Fierce is the dragon, bull and warrior / of Somerset, take heed of him’, 18.39–40 Rhos cochion a goronir / O Wlad yr Haf, baladr hir ‘Red roses from Somerset will be crowned, / long spear’. Other likely references to the same family connections are found in poems of praise by Dafydd Epynt and Lewys Morgannwg, see GDEp 12.19n; GLMorg 3.48n. If the Wars of the Roses played any part in the imprisonment of Ithel and Rhys (see the introductory notes), Gruffudd Nannau may be referring here to Somerset simply as a traditionally Lancastrian stronghold. If so, locating the ‘castle in an inlet of sea’ remains open to further discussion.}⁠^{21 ⁠O Wlad yr Haf⁠ Contrast Gwyn 3 i wlad yr haf. Williams (2001: 567 n413) suggested that the correct reading in Gwyn 3 was I’w wlad, yr haf, ‘i.e. a wish that Rhys should return to his land by summer’, which would get rid of the problem of locating the castle in Somerset, see l. 48n ⁠Gwlad yr Haf⁠ (explanatory). However, Somerset does not seem incompatible with the reference to a castle ym machell môr ‘in an inlet of sea’ (see l. 42n (explanatory)), even though the castle cannot be identified. The generally slap-dash nature of the text in Gwyn 3 suggests that i wlad yr haf⁠ is a corruption, possibly under the influence of the same preposition in the previous l., cf. l. 48n.} weled Rhys.^{22 ⁠O Wlad yr Haf weled Rhys⁠ In terms of cynghanedd, weled Rys⁠ would be less problematic, but the ‘object’ of a verbal noun did not mutate, see TC 231–2. The regular devoicing (d > t before rh) seems to have been ignored here, cf. l. 5n.}⁠
Minnau a wnaf, myn y nef,^{23 ⁠Minnau a wnaf, myn y nef⁠ Like many other 15c. poets, Gruffudd Nannau apparently did not consider the proest rhyme in this l. to be a fault, see CD 255–7.}⁠
50Yn ddidro⁠^{22 ⁠ddidro⁠ The edition follows X2, whose l. was technically irregular, either because the order of consonants was faulty or (most likely) because n was intentionally left unanswered. The regular cynghanedd in Gwyn 3 ddinidir, namely di-nidr ‘unhindered, untrammelled’ (see GPC Ar Lein s.v. dinidr), shown signs of having been reworked by an expert.} pan ddôn’ adref
Rhoi eu dau lun^{24 ⁠eu dau lun⁠ Gruffudd Nannau may be vowing to bring Ithel and Rhys before Mwrog in the flesh, but it is more likely that he is intending to present a gift of wax to the saint in the form of the two brothers, cf. MWPSS 23.69 I’m llaw’n cau iawn mae llun cwyr ‘In my hand, enclosing recompense, there is a waxen image’ (Lewys Morgannwg to Mary of Pen-rhys, who seems to have presented Mary with an image of her in wax); GTP 34.15‒16 Llun march i Illtud Farchog / O gŵyr a rown, myn y grog ‘I’d give a waxen image of a horse to Illtud Farchog, by the rood!’} gar dy law,^{25 ⁠gar dy law⁠ There may have been a statue or image of the saint in the church of Llanfwrog, cf. GLGC 129.63 myn delw Fwrog – wyn ‘by the image of holy Mwrog’.}⁠^{23 ⁠Rhoi eu dau lun gar dy law⁠ The cynghanedd in this l. was doubtless incorrect in the source, as shown by Gwyn 3 Roddi dau lun ar dy law and the likely reading of X2 Rhoddi’u dau lun gar dy law. Huw Machno’s emendment in C 4.101 rhoi i dav lvn ar dy law is convincing and was most likely the poet’s original reading, cf. l. 54n Ac ym Môn, ti a gai mwy. However, the edition keeps gar from X2 as it is more likely that g- would have been lost from the source than added subsequently.}⁠
Ac aur er ei gywiraw.^{26 ⁠aur er ei gywiraw⁠ The pronoun probably refers in an unspecific way to the expected return of Ithel and Rhys, which is described in ll. 49–51. That is, Gruffudd Nannau will present Mwrog with a gift to ensure that he completes his side of the bargain. On the concept of making a deal with a saint, see Duffy 1992: 184–6.}⁠
Cai fendithion Uwch Conwy,^{27 ⁠Uwch Conwy⁠ Gwynedd to the west of river Conwy, see WATU 85.}⁠
Ac ym Môn,^{28 ⁠Môn⁠ Ithel and Rhys were descended from the family of Penmynydd on Anglesey, see the introductory notes.} ti a gai mwy;⁠^{24 ⁠Ac ym Môn, ti a gai mwy⁠ The edition follows Gwyn 3. The consonantal cynghanedd in X2 Ac ym Môn, cai a fo mwy is unconvincing, as it includes a vocalic f and does not answer -c in Ac with g, as was the custom, but with c (cf. l. 52 Ac aur er ei gywiraw). It seems that in C 4.101 ag ymon di a gei mwy Huw Machno has correctly emended the l., cf. l. 51n Rhoi eu dau lun gar dy law.}⁠
55Cai lawer o baderau,⁠^{25 ⁠baderau⁠ The source was probably defective and had padereuau, a double plural form of pader with makes the cynghanedd incomplete, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. The cynghanedd lusg shows that the correct reading, as noticed by Huw Machno in C 4.101, is baderau. Furthermore, the underlining of the relevant letters in Gwyn 3 badreuau may have been done by the scribe, Jasper Gryffyth, probably in order to note the erroneous cynghanedd.}⁠
Cai glod am ddyfod â’r ddau.